زحل (1) Saturn
گالیله اولین کسی بود که با تلسکوپ خود در سال 1610 زحل را رصد کرد و کمی هم بهتزده شد. او سیاره را اینگونه توصیف نمود: «گوش دارد و از سه جسم کنار هم با زاویهای ثابت، که وسطی حدود سه برابر دوتای دیگر است، تشکیل شده است.» او وقتی بیشتر حیرتزده شد که دو سال بعد ملاحظه نمود دو جسم خارجی محو شدهاند. او با تعجب از خود پرسید: «آیا زحل بچههایش را بلعیده است؟» و زمانی که در سال 1613 دوباره ظاهر شدند بیشتر سردرگم شد. در سال 1655، کریستین هویگنس (Christiaan Huygens) با تلسکوپی بسیار بهتر به رصد زحل پرداخت و اظهار داشت که زحل با یک سیستم حلقوی احاطه شده است. او نوشت: «زحل با یک حلقۀ نازک و مسطح، بدون تماس در هیچ نقطهای، احاطه شده است، و نسبت به دایرﺓالبروج مایل است.»
[1]- James Keeler of the Lick Observatory
Galileo first observed Saturn with his telescope in 1610 and became somewhat
perplexed. He described the planet as having ‘ears’ and composed of three bodies
which almost touched each other with that at the centre about three times the
size of the outer two whose orientation was fixed. He became even more perplexed when 2 years later the outer two bodies had gone. ‘Has Saturn swallowed his children?’ he wondered. He became further confused when they reappeared in 1613. In 1655 Christiaan Huygens observed Saturn with a far superior telescope and suggested that Saturn was surrounded by a ring system. He wrote:
‘Saturn is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the
ecliptic’.
As telescopes improved, more details could be seen and, in 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini observed that Saturn’s ring system was composed of a number of smaller rings separated by gaps the largest of which has become known as ‘ Cassini’s Division’. In the mid 1800s, James Clerk Maxwell showed that a solid ring could not be stable and would break apart so that the ring system must be made up of myriads of particles individually orbiting Saturn. This would imply that different annuli of the rings would be moving at different speeds around Saturn and this was proved when James Keeler of the Lick Observatory made spectroscopic studies of the ring system in 1895.
"Introduction to Astronomy and Cosmology" Page 113